Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L −1 air and 1.02 µL L −1 air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L −1 air at 4 h, and for P. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC 50 values for B. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects.
Thus, alternative control methods are needed. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production.
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